The Grand Unified Theory of Physics
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The Grand Unified Theory of Physics
Contents
Preface
1. The Postulates
2. The Fine Structure Constant
3. Relativity and the Wave Property of Matter
4. Electrostatics and Magnetism
5. Neutrino, Proton, Electron, and Neutron Structures
6. Gravitation and the Non-Expanding Universe
7. Quantum Mechanics
8. Quantum Electrodynamics
9. Closure
Appendix A. Determination of the Basic Constants of Physics
Appendix B. Further Discussion of the Neutrino Structure
Appendix C. Inverse Square Forces in a Hydrodynamic Medium
Appendix D: Entropy, Heat Engines, and Neutrinos
Appendix E: A Personal History of the Kinetic Particle Unified Physics
References
Index
The Grand Unified Theory of Physics
Preface
This book presents a whole new paradigm for physics. It presents a
unified mechanism for deriving all the primary observables in physics. It
presents a mechanical model of the neutrino, it shows a mechanism for the
fine structure constant and shows why it pervades all of physics, it shows
how fundamental particles have a constant value of angular momentum, and
it shows the structure of a proton, how its mass, angular momentum, strong
nuclear, weak nuclear, and charge fields are produced. A structure of the
electron is developed which shows how its mass is held together, how it
produces the charge field, and how it produces angular momentum. The
book presents the structure of the neutron which gives evidence of how the
weak nuclear force functions, and shows the special relativity mechanisms
for mass-energy equivalence, mass growth with velocity, matter shortening
with velocity, and time dilation. It shows why the mechanism of mass
growth of matter with velocity gives matter waves and shows that the waves
produce magnetism by the same mechanism that the proton and other
charged particles produce their electrostatic field. The book shows that
atoms and neutrons produce gravitational fields by a mechanism similar to
the breathing sphere model which produces electrostatic fields. The
amplitude of the breathing sphere is controlled by, and is equal to, the basic
ether particle radius. Further, the same mechanism controlling the breathing
sphere amplitude is believed to remove one basic ether particle from a
photon for each wave of travel that it executes, which gives the illusion of
an expanding universe.
The fine structure constant, 1/137.036, is the ratio of the
electromagnetic force to the nuclear force. It also is the velocity of the
lowest energy electron orbit in a hydrogen atom in velocity of light units. It
pervades all of quantum electrodynamics. However, the number has been a
mystery since it was discovered more than seventy years ago. In this model of a grand unified theory of the universe, everything is made up of kinetic
particles. The gas of these particles has a root mean square speed that is
eight percent larger than the mean speed. We show a model in which the
electromagnetic speed (the speed of light) is the difference of these speeds.
Also, the same model gives the strong nuclear speed as the background
mean speed. Forces generated in a kinetic particle universe, of course, are a
function of the square of the speed. The square of the ratio of these two
speeds, the root mean square speed less the mean speed to the mean speed is
1/137.109 and thus clearly must be the ratio of the electromagnetic force to
the strong nuclear force.
Einstein’s special theory of relativity uses a space-time continuum
and predicts that as velocity increases, the mass of matter will increase, the
length of matter will shorten, and time for processes will increase. Further,
the energy content of matter is its mass times the square of the speed of
light. The Einstein system is almost universally accepted in science. Many
physicists believe it is impossible to derive the theory of relativity
observations from classical Newtonian mechanics. In this paper we present
a system of absolute space with a separate absolute time, a purely classical
(Newtonian) system, from which the above four phenomena are derived.
The system used is a kinetic particle system. The model immediately gives
the equivalent energy of mass. The model also gives the wave properties of
matter in motion.
Magnetism is known to be due to charges in motion. We present a
kinetic particle mechanism which produces the electrostatic force, produces
the deBroglie wave property of matter, and shows that the deBroglie wave
generates the same mechanism which produces the electrostatic force to
produce the magnetic force.
The model of the proton structure and its formation, which we
present, leads into a hypothesized structure for the electron. With this
structure of the electron the structure of the neutron is indicated. We thus
present structures for the most basic assemblage of particles, which is the
neutrino, and we derive structures for the proton, electron, and neutron.
The mechanism producing gravity is similar to that producing
electromagnetism. When the electron is formed the portion of its structure
producing the electrostatic field matches the proton electrostatic field except
always in the opposite directions. The result is that the flows are matched
except for the diameter of a basic ether particle. So, the two fields move
with a half amplitude equal the ether particle radius with respect to each
other. This then produces the gravitational field. Quantum electrodynamic
effects are the result of each elementary matter charge particle consisting of
a discrete mass which orbits at the speed of light and produces waves in the
background. Matter in motion has a wave path as a result of being
accelerated by an eccentric mass. A photon is a narrow “string” of mass
which extends completely over one wave length. The particles in the waves
have velocities with magnitude and direction. A wave function \ is a
complex number and can be used to describe the expected velocity
(magnitude and direction) of a matter or radiation particle. The function
is called the probability amplitude. When an event occurs with two possible
paths, 1 and 2 then |Ψ1+Ψ2|2 gives the probability of the combined event.
This is the basis of the derivation of the Schroedinger equation. We
illustrate the use of probability amplitudes in the analysis of the partial
reflection of light and in diffraction gratings.
All of these results taken together can only lead to the conclusion
that the universe is made up of Newtonian kinetic particles.
Joseph M. Brown
120 East Main Street
Starkville, MS 39759
United States of America
August, 2004